Nature: After decades of neglect, in 2002 Pakistan set out to dramatically reform its higher-education system. The reforms were designed to reverse years of chronic underfunding, to invest in the academic workforce and to revitalize a moribund research enterprise. This ambitious agenda generated immense public interest and controversy. Although it is too early to judge the outcome of the experiment, it is already clear that some initiatives were more successful than others say Athar Osama and colleagues in Nature.