Science: Robert MacCallum of Imperial College London and his colleagues can turn cacophony into music in a process akin to evolution. The computer-based procedure starts with eight-second sequences of randomly generated sounds. Random mutations, determined by computer, occur in those sounds and either improve or worsen the sound’s musicality. As with sexual reproduction, pairs of sequences (“DNA”) then exchange the mutated sounds (“genes”) to create new sequences. To assess whether a sequence was fitterâmdash;that is, more musically pleasantâmdash;than its parents, MacCallum enlisted human volunteers. Within about 2500 generations, strains of inoffensive, jingly music had evolved. A paper describing the project appears today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The finding that the Saturnian moon may host layers of icy slush instead of a global ocean could change how planetary scientists think about other icy moons as well.
Modeling the shapes of tree branches, neurons, and blood vessels is a thorny problem, but researchers have just discovered that much of the math has already been done.
January 29, 2026 12:52 PM
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