A carbon halo

In most nuclei the protons and neutrons form a roughly spherical core of approximately uniform density. But along the edges—the so-called drip lines—of the chart of nuclides a handful of light nuclei have more nucleons than can be accommodated in the nuclear core. The excess, usually one or two neutrons, form a dilute distribution called a halo that extends far beyond the core. At the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, a Japanese team has studied the reaction of heavy carbon nuclei with hydrogen and identified the extremely neutron-rich carbon-22, with its 6 protons and 16 neutrons, as a halo nucleus, the heaviest one yet found. Nuclear radii generally scale as the cube root of the total number of protons and neutrons, yet based on their cross-section data, the researchers calculated the radius of ²²C to be twice that of the much more common isotope ¹²C; indeed, at 5.4 fm it exceeds the radius of lead-208. The halo of ²²C comprises two valence neutrons; determining their distribution and other aspects of the halo structure will require experiments with different target nuclei and different beam energies. (K. Tanaka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 , 062701, 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.062701 .)