Discover
/
Article

The Surface Muon Beam

JUL 01, 1985
One of the inventors of an intense, completely polarized muon beam that every ‘meson factory’ now provides discusses the bittersweet history of the invention and some of the recent experiments that it made possible.

DOI: 10.1063/1.881018

Theodore Bowen

Long ago, shortly before World War II, when I was but 13 years of age, I was excited by an article in Popular Mechanics magazine that described Ernest O. Lawrence’s project to construct the world’s greatest atom smasher, a 184‐inch cyclotron, on a hill overlooking the Berkeley campus of the University of California. From that point on, my career goal was to become a physicist. While the 184‐inch‐cyclotron project has always symbolized to me the beauty and excitement of unlocking the mysteries of nature, I never suspected, even for many years into my career as a high‐energy and cosmic‐ray physicist, that I would have a rendezvous with destiny involving the 184‐inch cyclotron: using it in its waning years to make my most significant contribution to the progress of science.

This article is only available in PDF format

References

  1. 1. G. Feinberg, S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 123, 1439 (1961).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  2. 2. A. E. Pifer, T. Bowen, K. R. Kendall, Nucl. Instrum. Methods 135, 39 (1976).https://doi.org/NUIMAL

  3. 3. M. Daum, SIN Newsletter No. 12, p. 2 (December 1979);
    K.‐P. Arnold, P. O. Egan, M. Gladisch, W. Jacobs, H. Orth, J. Vetter, P. Zimmerman, SIN Newsletter No. 12, p. 4. (December 1979).

  4. 4. O. B. van Dyck, E. W. Hoffman, R. J. Macek, G. Sanders, R. D. Werbeck, J. K. Black, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. NS‐26, 3179 (1979).https://doi.org/IETNAE

  5. 5. R. D. Bolton, J. D. Bowman, R. Carlini, M. D. Cooper, M. Duong‐van, J. S. Frank, A. L. Hallin, P. Heusi, C. M. Hoffman, F. G. Mariam, H. S. Matis, R. E. Mischke, D. E. Nagle, V. D. Sandberg, G. H. Sanders, U. Sennhauser, R. L. Talaga, R. Werbeck, R. A. Williams, S. L. Wilson, E. B. Hughes, R. Hofstadter, D. Grosnick, S. C. Wright, G. E. Hogan, V. L. Highland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1415 (1984).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  6. 6. W. W. Kinnison, in The Time Projection Chamber, J. A. MacDonald, ed., AIP Conf. Proc. 108, American Institute of Physics, New York (1984), p. 21.

  7. 7. W. Bertl, R. Eichler, L. Felawka, H. K. Walter, G. Bowden, S. Egli, R. Engfer, Ch. Grab, E. A. Hermes, D. Herter, P. Heusi, N. Kraus, R. J. Powers, H. S. Pruys, A. v. d. Schaaf, J. J. Domingo, J. Jansen, N. Lordong, J. Mergaert, J. Martino, Phys. Lett. 140B, 299 (1984).https://doi.org/PYLBAJ

  8. 8. J. Carr, G. Gidal, A. Jodido, K. A. Shinsky, H. M. Steiner, D. P. Stoker, M. Strovink, R. D. Tripp, B. Gobbi, C. J. Oram, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51, 627 (1983); https://doi.org/PRLTAO
    Erratum, J. Carr, G. Gidal, A. Jodido, K. A. Shinsky, H. M. Steiner, D. P. Stoker, M. Strovink, R. D. Tripp, B. Gobbi, C. J. Oram, 51, 1222 (1983); https://doi.org/PRLTAO , Phys. Rev. Lett.
    D. P. Stoker, B. Balke, J. Carr, G. Gidal, A. Jodidio, K. A. Shinsky, H. M. Steiner, M. Strovink, R. D. Tripp, B. Gobbi, C. J. Oram, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1887 (1985).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  9. 9. F. G. Mariam, W. Beer, P. R. Bolton, P. O. Egan, C. J. Gardner, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, P. A. Souder, H. Orth, J. Vetter, U. Moshev, G. zu Putlitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 993 (1982).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  10. 10. C. J. Oram, J. M. Bailey, P. W. Schmor, C. A. Fry, R. F. Kiefl, J. B. Warren, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 910 (1984); https://doi.org/PRLTAO
    A. Badertscher, S. Dhawan, P. O. Egan, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, M. W. Ritter, K. A. Woodle, M. Gladische, H. Orth, G. zu Putlitz, M. Eckhause, J. Kane, F. G. Mariam, J. Reidy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 914 (1984).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  11. 11. D. G. Fleming, J. H. Brewer, D. M. Garner, A. E. Pifer, T. Bowen, D. A. DeLise, K. M. Crowe, J. Chem. Phys. 64, 1281 (1976); https://doi.org/JCPSA6
    D. G. Fleming, D. M. Garner, J. H. Brewer, J. B. Warren, G. M. Marshall, G. Clark, A. E. Pifer, T. Bowen, Chem. Phys. Lett. 48, 393 (1977).https://doi.org/CHPLBC

  12. 12. For reviews of muonium chemistry and muon spin rotation, see J. H. Brewer, K. M. Crowe, F. N. Gygax, A. Schenck, in Muon Physics, Vol. III, V. W. Hughes, C. S. Wu, eds., Academic, New York (1975), p. 3;
    J. H. Brewer, K. M. Crowe, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 28, 239 (1978); https://doi.org/ARPSDF
    Proc. Yamada Conf. VII on Muon Spin Rotation, in J. H. Brewer, K. M. Crowe, Hyperfine Interactions 17–19, 1 (1984); https://doi.org/HYINDN
    R. H. Heffner, D. G. Fleming, PHYSICS TODAY, December 1984, p. 38.

  13. 13. R. Kubo, T. Toyabee, in Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation, R. Blinc, ed., North Holland, Amsterdam (1967), p. 810;
    R. S. Hayano, Y. J. Uemura, J. Imazato, N. Nishida, T. Yamazaki, R. Kubo, Phys. Rev. B 20, 850 (1979); https://doi.org/PRBMDO
    C. W. Clawson, K. M. Crowe, S. E. Kohn, S. S. Rosenblum, C. Y. Huang, J. L. Smith, J. H. Brewer, Physica 109&110B, 2164 (1982).

  14. 14. E. Holzschuh, W. Kundig, P. F. Meier, B. D. Patterson, J. P. F. Sellschop, M. C. Stemmet, H. Appel, Phys. Rev. A 25, 1272 (1982); https://doi.org/PLRAAN
    B. D. Patterson, E. Holzschuh, W. Kudig, P. F. Meier, W. Odermatt, J. P. F. Sellschop, M. C. Stemmet, Hyperfine Interactions 18, 605 (1984); https://doi.org/HYINDN
    D. P. Spencer, D. G. Fleming, J. H. Brewer, Hyperfine Interactions 18, 567 (1984).https://doi.org/HYINDN

  15. 15. B. D. Patterson, A. Bosshard, U. Straumann, P. Truol, A. Wuest, Th. Wichert, Hyperfine Interactions 19, 965 (1984).https://doi.org/HYINDN

  16. 16. J. Picard, A. Placci, E. Polacco, E. Zavattini, G. Carbori, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, G. Stefanini, G. Torelli, J. Duclos, A. Magnon, Nuovo Cim. Lett. 2, 957 (1971);
    E. Borie, M. Leon, Phys. Rev. A 21, 1460 (1980).https://doi.org/PLRAAN

  17. 17. J. G. Fetkovich, E. G. Pewitt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 290 (1963); https://doi.org/PRLTAO
    M. M. Bloch, T. Kikuchi, D. Koetke, J. Kopelman, C. R. Sun, R. Walker, G. Culligan, V. L. Telegdi, R. Winston, Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 301 (1963); https://doi.org/PRLTAO
    M. M. Block, J. B. Kopelman, C. R. Sun, Phys. Rev. 140B, 143 (1965).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  18. 18. J. H. Doede, R. H. Hildebrand, M. H. Israel, M. R. Pyka, Phys. Rev. 129, 2808 (1963).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  19. 19. G. T. Condo, Phys. Lett. 9, 65 (1964); https://doi.org/PHLTAM
    R. Landua, E. Klempt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1722 (1982).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  20. 20. E. V. Sager, PhD dissertation, University of Maryland (1979);
    G. M. Marshall, J. B. Warren, C. J. Oram, R. F. Kiefl, Phys. Rev. D 25, 1174 (1982).https://doi.org/PRVDAQ

  21. 21. Time projection chamber detector: D. Bryman, M. Leitch, I. Navon, T. Numao, P. Schlatter, M. S. Dexit, C. K. Hargrove, H. Mes, A. Bennett, J. A. MacDonald, R. Skegg, J. Spuller, A. Burnham, M. Hasinoff, J.‐M. Poutissou, G. Azuelos, P. Depommier, J.‐P. Martin, R. Poutissou, M. Blecher, K. Gotow, A. L. Carter, in The Time Projection Chamber, J. A. MacDonald, ed., AIP Conf. Proc. 108, American Institute of Physics, New York (1984), p. 12;
    Radiochemical detector: A. Olin, spokesman, Muonium‐Antimuonium Conversion, Experiment 304, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia (1984).

  22. 22. Hot Pt foils: K. R. Kendall, PhD dissertation, University of Arizona (1972);
    Au foils: B. A. Barnett, C. Y. Chang, P. Steinberg, G. B. Yodh, H. D. Orr, J. B. Carroll, M. Eckhause, J. R. Kane, C. P. Spence, C. S. Hsieh, Phys. Rev. A 15, 2246 (1977); https://doi.org/PLRAAN
    W. Beer, P. R. Bolton, P. O. Egan, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, F. G. Mariam, P. A. Souder, J. Vetter, M. Gladisch, G. zu Putlitz, U. Moser, L. J. Teig, R. S. Holmes, P. H. Steinberg, J. R. Kane, R. Hartmann, in Proc. 8th Intl. Conf. High Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure, D. F. Measday, A. W. Thomas, eds., North Holland, Amsterdam (1980);
    SiO2 powders: G. M. Marshall, J. B. Warren, D. M. Garner, G. S. Clark, J. H. Brewer, D. G. Fleming, Phys. Lett. 65A, 351 (1978); https://doi.org/PYLAAG
    D. R. Harshman, R. Keitel, M. Senba, E. J. Ansaldo, J. H. Brewer, Hyperfine Interactions 18, 557 (1984); https://doi.org/HYINDN
    Beam degrader: P. R. Bolton, A. Badertscher, P. O. Egan, C. J. Gardner, M. Gladisch, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, M. Ritter, P. A. Souder, J. Vetter, G. zu Putlitz, M. Eckhause, J. Kane, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1441 (1981).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  23. 23. E. Derman, Phys. Rev. D 19, 317 (1979), suggests a model including τ leptons that allows muon‐to‐antimuon transformations, but the model’s predictions for b‐quark decay appear inconsistent with experimental results.https://doi.org/PRVDAQ

More about the Authors

Theodore Bowen. University of Arizona, Tucson.

Related content
/
Article
Although motivated by the fundamental exploration of the weirdness of the quantum world, the prizewinning experiments have led to a promising branch of quantum computing technology.
/
Article
As conventional lithium-ion battery technology approaches its theoretical limits, researchers are studying alternative architectures with solid electrolytes.
/
Article
Bottom-up self-assembly is a powerful approach to engineering at small scales. Special strategies are needed to formulate components that assemble into predetermined shapes with precise sizes.
/
Article
The polymath scientist leaves behind a monumental legacy in both the scientific and political realms.
This Content Appeared In
pt-cover_1985_07.jpeg

Volume 38, Number 7

Get PT in your inbox

Physics Today - The Week in Physics

The Week in Physics" is likely a reference to the regular updates or summaries of new physics research, such as those found in publications like Physics Today from AIP Publishing or on news aggregators like Phys.org.

Physics Today - Table of Contents
Physics Today - Whitepapers & Webinars
By signing up you agree to allow AIP to send you email newsletters. You further agree to our privacy policy and terms of service.