Various experimental techniques show that atoms adsorbed onto a crystal surface form two‐dimensional arrays with a structure that depends on their density, the temperature and the substrate.
If we wish to understand the properties of a solid surface, we must begin with some picture of the geometrical arrangement of atoms in the outermost layers of the solid. Such a structural model represents an essential ingredient in any microscopic description of a material.
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With strong magnetic fields and intense lasers or pulsed electric currents, physicists can reconstruct the conditions inside astrophysical objects and create nuclear-fusion reactors.
A crude device for quantification shows how diverse aspects of distantly related organisms reflect the interplay of the same underlying physical factors.