Inner‐shell spectroscopy

APR 01, 1975

Many methods are available whereby transitions involving core electrons reveal the identities of atoms in the surface region and their local electronic environments.

DOI: 10.1063/1.3068921

Robert L. Park

If a surface exposed by cleaving a mica sheet is sprayed immediately with distilled water from an atomizer, the water seems to disappear as it uniformly wets the surface. If several seconds had been allowed to pass before the surface were sprayed, the water would bead up in distinctly visible droplets. In that brief moment the surface has been contaminated by organic vapors from the laboratory air; even at a pressure of $10^{−12}$ atmospheres, a complete monolayer of contamination can condense on a surface in less than an hour. Such layers may determine the characteristics of the surface with respect to lubrication, corrosion, catalysis, emissive properties and adhesion; yet prior to 1967 no general method existed by which the surface composition could be analyzed.

This article is only available in PDF format

References

1. J. J. Lander, Phys. Rev. 91, 1382 (1953).https://doi.org/PHRVAO
2. L. A. Harris, J. Appl. Phys. 39, 1419 (1968).https://doi.org/JAPIAU
3. P. W. Palmberg, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12, 369 (1975).https://doi.org/JVSTAL
4. R. E. Weber, W. T. Peria, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 4355 (1967).https://doi.org/JAPIAU
5. C. C. Chang in Characterization of Solid Surfaces, (P. F. Kane, G. B. Larrabee, eds.) Plenum, New York (1974).
6. J. E. Houston, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12, 255 (1975).https://doi.org/JVSTAL
7. J. W. Gadzuk, Phys. Rev. B 9, 1978 (1974).https://doi.org/PLRBAQ
8. C. J. Powell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 1169 (1973); https://doi.org/PRLTAO
L. Yin, I. Adler, T. Tsang, M. H. Chen, D. A. Ringers, B. Crasemann, Phys. Rev. A 9, 1070 (1974).https://doi.org/PLRAAN
9. C. J. Powell, Surf. Sci. 44, 29 (1974).https://doi.org/SUSCAS
10. J. R. Cuthill in X‐Ray Spectroscopy, (L. V. Azaroff, ed.) McGraw‐Hill, New York (1974).
11. P. B. Sewell, M. Cohen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 298 (1967).https://doi.org/APPLAB
12. W. Bauer, R. G. Musket, Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 411 (1972).https://doi.org/APPLAB
13. J. Franck, G. Hertz, Verh. Dtsch. Phys. Ges. 16, 12 (1911).https://doi.org/VDPEAZ
14. O. W. Richardson, C. B. Bazzoni, Philos. Mag. 42, 1015 (1921).https://doi.org/PHMAA4
15. R. L. Park, J. E. Houston, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 11, 1 (1974).https://doi.org/JVSTAL
16. S. Andersson, H. Hammarqvist, C. Nyberg, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45, 877 (1974).https://doi.org/RSINAK
17. R. L. Park, Surf. Sci. (in press).
18. H. Robinson, W. F. Rawlinson, Philos. Mag. 28, 277 (1914).https://doi.org/PHMAA4
19. D. A. Shirley, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 12, 280;
T. A. Carlson, PHYSICS TODAY, January 1972, page 30.
20. C. Webb, P. M. Williams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 824 (1974).https://doi.org/PRLTAO
21. C. B. Duke, R. L. Park, PHYSICS TODAY, August 1972, page 23.
22. R. L. Gerlach, J. E. Houston, R. L. Park, Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 179 (1970).https://doi.org/APPLAB
23. R. L. Gerlach, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 599 (1971).https://doi.org/JVSTAL
24. H. M. O’Bryan, H. W. P. Skinner, Phys. Rev. 45, 370 (1934).https://doi.org/PHRVAO
25. G. D. Mahan, Phys. Rev. 163, 612 (1967).https://doi.org/PHRVAO
26. M. Natta, P. Joyes, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 31, 447 (1970); https://doi.org/JPCSAW
G. E. Laramore, Phys. Rev. Lett. 27, 1050 (1971).https://doi.org/PRLTAO
27. D. C. Langreth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26, 1229 (1971); https://doi.org/PRLTAO
G. E. Laramore, Solid State Commun. 10, 85 (1972).https://doi.org/SSCOA4
28. S. Doniach, M. Šunjić, J. Phys. C 3, 285 (1970).https://doi.org/JPSOAW
29. G. E. Laramore, W. J. Camp, Phys. Rev. B 9, 3270 (1974).https://doi.org/PLRBAQ

More about the Authors

Robert L. Park. Center of Materials Research, University of Maryland, College Park.