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Bringing the News of Fission to America

OCT 01, 1985
The news of this discovery reached America in January 1939; notwithstanding communication problems, Niels Bohr succeeded in protecting the priority of Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch’s interpretation of the experiment.
Roger H. Stuewer

In January 1939 the news of the discovery of nuclear fission burst in America, sending physicists into their laboratories to try to confirm the startling new discovery. Some aspects of the story of how this news reached America are well known. Others, however, are not; they have remained hidden in private correspondence and other unpublished documents. By examining these materials in conjunction with the published literature, one can reconstruct the circumstances that converged to produce this historic event.

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References

  1. 1. N. Bohr, Nature 137, 344 (1936);
    N. Bohr, Naturwiss. 24, 241 (1936).

  2. 2. Bohr Scientific Correspondence, Archives for the History of Quantum Physics, with repositories at the Bohr Institute, Copenhagen; the American Philosophical Society, Philadelpia; the AIP Center for History of Physics, New York; the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the University of California, Berkeley; the Science Museum, London; the Deutsches Museum, Munich; and the Accademia dei XL, Rome. No relevant letters between Bohr and Veblen, however, are extant in the Bohr Scientific Correspondence. That Veblen arranged Bohr’s appointment is evident from other correspondence.

  3. 3. L. Rosenfeld, J. Jocular Phys. 2, 7 (Institute of Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen, October 1945),
    reprinted in R. S. Cohen, J. J. Stachel, eds., Selected Papers of Léon Rosenfeld, Reidel, Boston (1979).

  4. 4. J. A. Wheeler, PHYSICS TODAY, November 1967, p. 50.

  5. 5. L. Fermi, Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi, Univ. Chicago P., Chicago (1954);
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  6. 6. Meitner Papers, Churchill College Archives, University of Cambridge. Parts of this correspondence are reprinted in F. Krafft, Im Schatten der Sensation: Leben und Wirken von Fritz Strassmann, Verlag‐Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Fla. (1981).

  7. 7. O. Hahn, F. Strassmann, Naturwiss. 27, 11 (1939).https://doi.org/NATWAY

  8. 8. O. R. Frisch, What Little I Remember, Cambridge U.P., New York (1979).

  9. 9. O. R. Frisch, PHYSICS TODAY, November 1967, p. 47.

  10. 10. G. Gamow, Proc. Roy. Soc. [A] 123, 386 (1929).

  11. 11. See Bohr’s remarks following Werner Heisenberg’s paper in Structure et Propriétés des Noyaux Atomiques: Rapports et Discussions du Septième Conseil de Physique (Institut International de Physique Solvay) Gauthier‐Villars, Paris (1934).

  12. 12. N. Bohr, F. Kalckar, Det Kgl. Danske Videns. Sels. Math.‐fys. Med. 14, No. 10, pp. 9 and (1937).
    See also R. H. Stuewer, “Niels Bohr and Nuclear Physics,” in A. P. French, P. Kennedy, eds., Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume, Harvard U.P., Cambridge, Mass. (1985).

  13. 13. L. Rosenfeld, “Nuclear Reminiscences,” in F. Reines, ed., Cosmology, Fusion and Other Matters: George Gamow Memorial Volume, Colorado Assoc. U.P., Boulder (1972).

  14. 14. R. H. Stuewer, ed., Nuclear Physics in Retrospect: Proceedings of a Symposium on the 1930s, Univ. Minnesota P., Minneapolis (1979).

  15. 15. Tuve Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

  16. 16. E. Fermi, PHYSICS TODAY, November 1955, p. 12.

  17. 17. H. L. Anderson, Bull. Atomic Sci., September 1974, p. 57.

  18. 18. C. F. Squire, F. G. Brickwedde, E. Teller, M. A. Tuve, Science 89, 180 (1939).https://doi.org/SCIEAS

  19. 19. H. L. Anderson, E. T. Booth, J. R. Dunning, E. Fermi, G. N. Glasoe, F. G. Slack, Phys. Rev. 55, 511 (1939).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  20. 20. R. D. Fowler, R. W. Dodson, Phys. Rev. 55, 417 (1939).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  21. 21. R. B. Roberts, R. C. Meyer, L. R. Hafstad, Phys. Rev. 55, 416 (1939).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  22. 22. W. Davis, R. D. Potter, Science News Letter, 11 February 1939, p. 87;
    Science Supplement, 10 February 1939, p. 5.
    See also M. A. Tuve, Science 89, 202 (1939).https://doi.org/SCIEAS

  23. 23. G. K. Green, L. W. Alvarez, Phys. Rev. 55, 417 (1939).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  24. 24. L. Meitner, O. R. Frisch, Nature 143, 239 (1939); https://doi.org/NATUAS
    O. R. Frisch, Nature Supplement 143, 276 (1939).

  25. 25. N. Bohr, Nature 143, 330 (1939).https://doi.org/NATUAS

  26. 26. N. Bohr, Phys. Rev. 55, 418 (1939).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  27. 27. N. Bohr, J. A. Wheeler, Phys. Rev. 56, 426 (1939).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

More about the authors

Roger H. Stuewer, University of Minnesota.

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This Content Appeared In
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Volume 38, Number 10

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