Science: The thick nitrogen-rich atmosphere of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, may have been blasted into existence 3.84 billion years ago, during the appropriately named Late Heavy Bombardment period. Most planets and moons in the solar system were pounded by large numbers of comets, asteroids, and other large objects at that time, and they may have impacted Titan’s surface with enough energy to chemically strip apart the ammonia-rich ice there. Yasuhito Sekine, a scientist at the University of Tokyo in Kashiwa, Japan, and colleagues tested this hypothesis by firing tiny, laser-accelerated particles of gold, platinum, and copper at various speeds into mixtures of frozen ammonia and ice. Their experiments suggest that the heat and pressure generated at impact speeds greater than 5.5 kilometers per second are enough to break down ammonia ice into nitrogen, hydrogen, and water vapor. If Titan had a primordial atmosphere, it would have been destroyed by the bombardment and replaced with ammonia-derived nitrogen. If it had no atmosphere to begin with, the number and size of impacts expected for the moon would have been sufficient to generate the amount of nitrogen that exists in its atmosphere now.
The finding that the Saturnian moon may host layers of icy slush instead of a global ocean could change how planetary scientists think about other icy moons as well.
Modeling the shapes of tree branches, neurons, and blood vessels is a thorny problem, but researchers have just discovered that much of the math has already been done.
January 29, 2026 12:52 PM
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