Diffraction Gratings at the Mount Wilson Observatory

JUL 01, 1986

‘Engines’ capable of ruling hundreds of thousands of straight, parallel, equally spaced grooves within tolerances of only a few angstroms have led to advances in fields as different as quantum mechanics and astrophysics.

DOI: 10.1063/1.881035

Horace W. Babcock

The past century has seen major advances in diffraction gratings, motivated by pressure for new and better data in two rather distinct fields: laboratory spectroscopy—aimed at understanding atomic structure and testing quantum theory—and astrophysical spectroscopy—aimed at understanding objects ranging from the Sun and stars to faint sources at the limit of detection. In this historical account I trace some of the hard‐won gains in the technology of the ruling machines that produce the gratings, and I touch on the role that larger and higher‐quality gratings have played in scientific advances. I focus on the work at the Mount Wilson Observatory, where I directed the diffraction‐grating laboratory from 1948 to 1963, but I do so with full recognition of the important contributions made at numerous other laboratories, especially those at The Johns Hopkins University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company.

This article is only available in PDF format

References

1. H. A. Rowland, Astrophys. J. 1, 29, 131222, 295; https://doi.org/ASJOAB
H. A. Rowland, 2, 45, 109188, 306;
H. A. Rowland, 3, 141, 201;
H. A. Rowland, 4, 106, 278;
H. A. Rowland, 5, 11, 109 (1895–97).
2. D. M. Livingston, Michelson, Master of Light, Scribner’s, New York (1973).
3. Revision of Rowland’s Preliminary Table of Solar Spectrum Wave‐Lengths, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC (1928).
4. H. D. Babcock, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15, 471 (1929).https://doi.org/PNASA6
5. H. D. Babcock, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 34, 1 (1944).https://doi.org/JOSAAH
6. J. Strong, Astrophys. J. 83, 401 (1936).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
7. H. D. Babcock, H. W. Babcock, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 41, 776 (1951).https://doi.org/JOSAAH
8. G. R. Harrison, G. W. Stroke, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45, 112 (1955). https://doi.org/JOSAAH
G. R. Harrison, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 413 (1949).https://doi.org/JOSAAH
9. H. W. Babcock, Appl. Opt. 1, 415 (1962).https://doi.org/APOPAI
10. R. F. Griffin, A Photometric Atlas of the Spectrum of Arcturus λλ3600–8825 Å, Cambridge Philos. Soc., Cambridge, England (1968).
11. R. Griffin, R. Griffin, A Photometric Atlas of the Spectrum of Procyon λλ3140–7470 Å, Cambridge Philos. Soc., Cambridge, England (1979).
12. G. Münch, Astrophys. J. 125, 42 (1957).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
13. H. W. Babcock, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 3, no. 30 (1958). https://doi.org/APJSA2
H. W. Babcock, Stars and Stellar Systems, vol. 6, Univ. Chicago P., Chicago (1960) p. 282.
14. I. S. Bowen, Astrophys. J. 116, 1 (1952).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
15. R. R. McMath, Astrophys. J. 122, 565 (1955); https://doi.org/ASJOAB
R. R. McMath, Astrophys. J. 123, 1 (1956).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
16. O. Mohler, A. K. Pierce, R. R. McMath, L. Goldberg, Photometric Atlas of the Near Infrared Solar Spectrum λ8465 to λ25242, McMath‐Hulbert Observatory, Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor (1950).
17. L. Delbouille, G. Roland, Photometric Atlas of the Solar Spectrum λ7498 to λ12 016 Å, Univ. Liège, Liège, Belgium (1963).
18. A. K. Pierce, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 6 (1957).https://doi.org/JOSAAH
19. H. W. Babcock, H. D. Babcock, Astrophys. J. 118, 387 (1953).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
20. H. W. Babcock, H. D. Babcock, Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 64, 282 (1952).https://doi.org/PASPAU
21. H. D. Babcock, Astrophys. J. 130, 364 (1959).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
22. H. W. Babcock, Astrophys. J. 133, 572 (1961). https://doi.org/ASJOAB
H. W. Babcock, in Proc. Plasma Space Science Symposium, C. C. Chang, S. S. Huang, eds., Reidel, Dordrecht The Netherlands (1965) p. 7.

More about the authors

Horace W. Babcock, Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories, Pasadena, California.