From primitive machines and the discovery of fire came problems of mechanics and heat. The steam engine brought them forcibly together. Out of the study of heat‐to‐work transformations that resulted, came our entropy concept, and extension of the reasoning has brought useful applications in far‐removed subjects like probability, number theory, information theory and language.
PERHAPS THE PARADOX of entropy is that it has so long a history and yet so many remaining puzzles. We might say that the roots of its history go back even to primitive man. In his struggle for existence he used crude appliances and discovered fire. From closer intimacy with more and more developed machines sprang mechanics, and from fire came the theory of heat; the two were quite separate sciences.
References
1. M. W. Zemansky, Heat and Thermodynamics, McGraw‐Hill, New York (1943).
2. M. Planck, Treatise on Thermodynamics, (3rd edition) Longmans, Green, London (1927).
3. E. Fermi, Thermodynamics, (Reprint of 1937 edition) Dover, New York (1956).
4. H. Zeise, Thermodynamik, Hirzel, Leipzig (1944).
5. E. A. Guggenheim, Thermodynamics, North‐Holland, Amsterdam (1950).
6. P. S. Epstein, Textbook of Thermodynamics, Wiley, New York (1937).
7. H. Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis, (Reprint of 1905 edition) Dover, New York (1953).
13. L. Boltzmann, Wein. Ber. 53, 195 (1866); L. Boltzmann, Pogg. Ann. 143, 211 (1871).
14. R. Clausius, Pogg. Ann. 141, 124 (1870).
15. J. J. Thompson, Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry, Macmillan, London (1884); R. B. Lindsay, H. Margenau, Foundations of Physics, (Reprint of 1936 edition) Dover, New York (1957).
16. H. Poincaré, Thermodynamique, Gauthier‐Villars, Paris (1908).
39. M. Dutta, Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. (India) 19, 1 (1953); M. Dutta, Bull Internat. Stat. Inst. 32, 28 (1953); M. Dutta, Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. (India) 22, 273 (1956); https://doi.org/PIIAAP p. 291 in Proceedings of the Summer Institute of Theoretical Physics at Mussouri, India (1959); Jnana Oh Bijarana (in Bengali) 12, 737 (1960); Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig) 228, 380 (1965).
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