Acoustical measurement of violins

References

1. 1. H. Backhaus, “Über Geigenlänge,” Zeits. f. Techn. Physik 8, Nr. 11, 509 (1927);
   F. A. Saunders, “The mechanical action of violins,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 9, 81 (1937); https://doi.org/JASMAN
   H. Meinel, “Über die Beziehungen zwischen Holzdicke, Schwingungsform, Körperamplitude und Klang eines Geigenkörpers,” Elek. Nachr. Tech. 14, 119 (1937).

2. 2. R. B. Watson, W. J. Cunningham, F. A. Saunders, “Improved techniques in the study of violins,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 12, 339 (1941); https://doi.org/JASMAN
   H. Fletcher, E. D. Blackham, O. N. Geertsen, “Quality of violin, viola, ‘cello, and bass viol tones,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 851 (1965).https://doi.org/JASMAN

3. 3. F. A. Saunders, “Recent work on violins,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, 491 (1953).https://doi.org/JASMAN

4. 4. F. A. Saunders, “The mechanical action of instruments of the violin family,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 17, 169 (1946); https://doi.org/JASMAN
   E. Rohloff, “Ansprache der Geigenklänge,” Zeits. f. angew. Physik 17, Nr. 1, 62 (1964).

5. 5. H. Meinel, “Über Frequenzkurven von Geigen,” Akust. Z. 2, 22 (1937); https://doi.org/AKZTAG
   J. Meyer, “Die Richtcharakteristiken von Geigen” Instrumentenbau‐Zeitschrift 18, 275 (1964)
   andJ. Meyer, “Die Richtcharakteristiken von Violoncelli” Instrumentenbau‐Zeitschrift 18, 281 (1965).

6. 6. C. V. Raman, “Experiments with mechanically played violins,” Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 6, Parts I and II, 19 (Calcutta, 1920);
   C. V. Raman, “On a Mechanical Violin‐player for acoustical experiments,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 39, 535 (1920); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
   H. Meinel, “Über Frequenzkurven von Geigen,” Akust. Zeits. 2, 22 (1937); https://doi.org/AKZTAG
   F. A. Saunders, see ref. 1;
   B. K. Sen, “A new mechanical violinplayer and some experiments with it,” Indian J. Physics 23, 7 (1949).https://doi.org/IJPYAS

7. 7. H. Backhaus, G. Wymann, “Über Neuere Ergebnisse der Geigenforschung,” Akust. Zeits. 4, 302 (1939); https://doi.org/AKZTAG
   R. B. Watson et al., see ref. 2;
   G. Pasqualini, “Récents résultats obtenus dans l’étude électroacustique de la caisse harmonique des instruments à archet,” Acustica 4, 244 (1954); https://doi.org/ACUSAY
   H. Itokawa, C. Kumagai, “On the study of violin and its making,” (in Japanese), Report of the Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1952);
   W. Lottermoser, W. Linhardt, “Beitrag zur akustischen Prüfung von Geigen und Bratschen,” Acustica 7, No. 5 (1957); https://doi.org/ACUSAY
   C. M. Hutchins, A. S. Hopping, F. A. Saunders, “Subharmonics and plate tap tones in violin acoustics,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 35, 1443 (1960).https://doi.org/JASMAN

8. 8. F. Eggers, “Untersuchung von Corpus‐Schwingungen am Violoncello,” Acustica 9, 453 (1959); https://doi.org/ACUSAY
   W. Lottermoser, J. Meyer, “Impulsmethode zur Messung von Geigenresonanzen,” Gravesaner Blätter Nr. 19–20, 106 (1960).

9. 9. H. Backhaus, “Über Resonanzeigenschaften von Streichinstrumenten,” Zeits. f. Techn. Physik 12, 573 (1936);
   H. Meinel, “Uber Frequenzkurven von Geigen,” Akust. Zeits. 5, 283 (1940); https://doi.org/AKZTAG
   H. Meinel, “Regarding the sound quality of violins and a scientific basis for violin construction,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, No. 7, 817 (1957); https://doi.org/JASMAN
   F. A. Saunders, “Violins old and new, an experimental study,” Sound 1, No. 4, 7 (1962)
   see also refs. 1, 4;
   G. Pasqualini, see ref. 7;
   C. M. Hutchins, “The physics of violins,” Scientific American 207, No. 5, 78 (1962).https://doi.org/SCAMAC

10. 10. J. C. Schelleng, “The bowed string,” American String Teacher 17, No. 3, (1967).

11. 11. O. Cadek, “The deterioration of violin strings in actual use,” American String Teacher 2, No. 3 (1952).

12. 12. E. H. Barton, T. F. Ebblewhite, “Vibration curves of violin bridge and strings,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 20, 456 (1910); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
    C. V. Raman, “Photographs of vibration curves,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 21, 615 (1911); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
    C. V. Raman, S. Appaswamaiyar, “On discontinuous wave motion,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 31, 47 (1916); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
    C. V. Raman, “On the “Wolf‐note” in bowed string instruments,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 32 (1916); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
    C. V. Raman, A. Dey, “On discontinuous wave motion: Part II,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 33 (1917); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
    C. V. Raman, “On the wolf‐note in bowed string instruments,” Phil. Mag. Ser. 6 35, No. 210 (1918); https://doi.org/PHMAA4
    C. V. Raman, “On the mechanical theory of the vibrations of bowed strings and of musical instruments of the violin family, with experimental verification of the results,” Bulletin No. 15, The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1918);
    J. B. Keller, “Bowing of violin strings,” Communications on Pure and Applied Math. 6, 483 (1953);
    B. Bladier, “The effect of bow speed and pressure on the vibration speed of catgut strings,” Compt. rend. 240, 1868 (1955); https://doi.org/COREAF
    C. Dutta, “On the work done during bowing,” Indian J. Theoret. Phys. 7, No. 1, 5 (1959)

13. 13. M. Minnaert, C. C. Vlam, “Vibrations of the violin bridge,” Physica May 1937;
    B. Bladier, “Sur le chevalet du violoncelle,” Compt. rend. 249, 375 (1959) https://doi.org/COREAF
    and Ann. Télécomm. 120622 (1959);
    P. Zimmermann, “Theoretische Untersuchungen zur Funktion des Steges bei Streichinstrumenten,” Acustica 18, Nr. 4, 287 (1967).https://doi.org/ACUSAY

14. 14. E. Heron‐Allen, Violin making as it was and is, Ward Lock and Co. London and Melbourne (1885) also Carl Fischer, New York;
    F. Savart, L’Institut 8, 1840
    (see trans, in Newsletter No. 5, Catgut Acoustical Society, May 1966);
    B. Bladier, “Sur la caisse sonore, l’âme et le chevalet due violoncelle,” Compt. rend. 245, 791 (1957) https://doi.org/COREAF
    and Ann. Télécomm. 97322 (1957);
    J. W. Giltay, Bow instruments, their form and construction, William Reeves, London (1916).

15. 15. E. Heron‐Allen, see ref. 14;
    J. W. Giltay, see ref. 14.

16. 16. F. A. Saunders, C. M. Hutchins, “On improving violins,” Violins and Violinists 13, Nos. 7–8 (1952);
    C. M. Hutchins, A. S. Hopping, F. A. Saunders, “The air tone of the violin,” The Strad (Sept. 1959);
    F. A. Saunders, “Recent work on violins,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 25, No. 3, 491 (1953).https://doi.org/JASMAN

17. 17. C. M. Hutchins et al., see ref. 7;
    W. Lottermoser, J. Meyer, see ref. 8.

18. 18. H. Backhaus, “Über die Schwingungsformen von Geigenkörpern,” Zeits. f. Physik 62, 143 (1930);
    H. Backhaus, “Über die Schwingungsformen von Geigenkörpen II,” Zeits. f. Physik 72, 218 (1931);
    H. Meinel, see ref. 1;
    F. Eggers, see ref. 8.

19. 19. I. Barducci, G. Pasqualini, “Misura dell’attrito interno e delle constanti elastiche del legno,” Nuovo Cimento 5, 416 (1948); https://doi.org/NUCIAD
    F. Krüger, E. Rohloff, “Über die innere Reibung von Holz,” Zeits. f. Physik 110, 58 (1938);
    E. Rohloff, “Über die innere Reibung von Geigenholz,” Zeits. f. Physik 117, 64 (1940);
    H. Meinel, see ref. 9.

20. 20. H. Meinel, see ref. 6 and ref. 9;
    J. C. Schelleng, “On the physical effects of violin varnish,” Newsletters nos. 4, 6, 7 and 8 of the Catgut Acoustical Society;
    J. C. Schelleng, “On the acoustical effects of violin varnish,” (submitted to J. Acoust. Soc. Am.).

21. 21. C. M. Hutchins et al., see ref. 7.

22. 22. F. Savart, see ref. 14.

23. 23. R. L. Powell, K. A. Stetson, “Interferometric vibration analysis by wavefront reconstruction,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1593 (1965); https://doi.org/JOSAAH
    K. A. Stetson, R. L. Powell, “Interferometric hologram evaluation and realtime vibration analysis of diffuse objects,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1694 (1965); https://doi.org/JOSAAH
    K. A. Stetson, R. L. Powell, “Hologram Interferometry,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1161 (1966); https://doi.org/JOSAAH
    K. A. Stetson, “Why use holograms to study fiddle plates?” Newsletter No. 9, Catgut Acoust. Soc., (1968).

24. 24. C. M. Hutchins, “Founding a Family of Fiddles,” Physics Today 20, No. 2, (1967).https://doi.org/PHTOAD