Careful study of our closest star, the Sun, suggests that bundles of twisted magnetic flux tubes extending from subsurface layers may account for the surprising prevalence of x rays from most rather ordinary stars.
The Sun was the first observed x‐ray star. In 1948 rocket‐borne instruments, carried out of the terrestrial atmosphere for only a few minutes at a time, detected solar x rays. Then in April 1960 instruments recorded the first x‐ray photograph of the Sun.
3. G. S. Vaiana, J. P. Cassinelli, G. Fabbiano, R. Giacconi, L. Golub, P. Gorenstein, B. M. Haisch, F. R. Harnden, H. M. Johnson, J. L. Linsky, C. W. Maxson, R. Mewe, R. Rosner, F. Seward, K. Topka, C. Zwaan, Astrophys. J. 245, 163 (1981).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
4. J. L. Linsky, in Solar Phenomena in Stars and Stellar Systems, R. M. Bonnet, A. K. Dupree, eds., Reidel, Boston (1981), p. 99.
5. R. Rosner, L. Golub, G. S. Vaiana, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 413 (1985).https://doi.org/ARAAAJ
6. The following are general references: E. N. Parker, Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Clarendon, Oxford (1979); E. R. Priest, Solar Magnetohydrodynamics, Reidel, Boston (1982); P. A. Sturrock, T. E. Holzer, D. M. Mihalas, R. K. Ulrich, eds., Physics of the Sun, Reidel, Boston j (1986).
7. R. Rosner, W. H. Tucker, G. S. Vaiana, Astrophys. J. 220, 643 (1978).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
8. M. Kuperus, J. A. Ionson, D. S. Spicer, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 19, 7 (1981).https://doi.org/ARAAAJ
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July 14, 2026 03:02 PM
This Content Appeared In
Volume 40, Number 7
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