Careful study of our closest star, the Sun, suggests that bundles of twisted magnetic flux tubes extending from subsurface layers may account for the surprising prevalence of x rays from most rather ordinary stars.
The Sun was the first observed x‐ray star. In 1948 rocket‐borne instruments, carried out of the terrestrial atmosphere for only a few minutes at a time, detected solar x rays. Then in April 1960 instruments recorded the first x‐ray photograph of the Sun.
3. G. S. Vaiana, J. P. Cassinelli, G. Fabbiano, R. Giacconi, L. Golub, P. Gorenstein, B. M. Haisch, F. R. Harnden, H. M. Johnson, J. L. Linsky, C. W. Maxson, R. Mewe, R. Rosner, F. Seward, K. Topka, C. Zwaan, Astrophys. J. 245, 163 (1981).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
4. J. L. Linsky, in Solar Phenomena in Stars and Stellar Systems, R. M. Bonnet, A. K. Dupree, eds., Reidel, Boston (1981), p. 99.
5. R. Rosner, L. Golub, G. S. Vaiana, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 413 (1985).https://doi.org/ARAAAJ
6. The following are general references: E. N. Parker, Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Clarendon, Oxford (1979); E. R. Priest, Solar Magnetohydrodynamics, Reidel, Boston (1982); P. A. Sturrock, T. E. Holzer, D. M. Mihalas, R. K. Ulrich, eds., Physics of the Sun, Reidel, Boston j (1986).
7. R. Rosner, W. H. Tucker, G. S. Vaiana, Astrophys. J. 220, 643 (1978).https://doi.org/ASJOAB
8. M. Kuperus, J. A. Ionson, D. S. Spicer, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 19, 7 (1981).https://doi.org/ARAAAJ
With strong magnetic fields and intense lasers or pulsed electric currents, physicists can reconstruct the conditions inside astrophysical objects and create nuclear-fusion reactors.
A crude device for quantification shows how diverse aspects of distantly related organisms reflect the interplay of the same underlying physical factors.