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Werner Heisenberg and the Beginning of Nuclear Physics

NOV 01, 1985
The advent of quantum mechanics caused a greater transformation in the understanding of physical reality of microscopic phenomena than the change in the understanding of macroscopic phenomena brought about by relativity.
Arthur I. Miller

Great advances in science alter our view of the world. Galileo Galilei’s theory of motion, Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity and Werner Heisenberg’s invention of quantum mechanics, with its subsequent interpretation by Niels Bohr and Heisenberg himself, spring immediately to mind (figure 1). In exploring these episodes we must recognize that historical narrative without investigation of conceptual transformation is just chronology.

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References

  1. 1. W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 77, 1 (1932), Part I; https://doi.org/ZEPYAA
    W. Heisenberg, 78, 156 (1932), Part II;
    W. Heisenberg, 80, 587 (1933), Part III.https://doi.org/ZEPYAA , Z. Phys.

  2. 2. M. Born, Naturwissenschaften 27, 537 (1923).https://doi.org/NATWAY

  3. 3. H. Kramers, H. Hoist, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure, Gyldendal, London (1923).

  4. 4. W. Pauli, Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, u. A., A. Hermann, K. v. Meyenn, V. F. Weisskopf, eds., Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1979).

  5. 5. W. Heisenberg, Naturwissenschaften 14, 501 (1926).https://doi.org/NATWAY

  6. 6. E. Schrödinger, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 70, 734 (1926).https://doi.org/ANPYA2

  7. 7. W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 38, 411 (1926).https://doi.org/ZEPYAA

  8. 8. P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. (A) 112, 692 (1926).

  9. 9. Archives for the History of Quantum Physics, AIP, New York.

  10. 10. W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 43, 172 (1927).https://doi.org/ZEPYAA

  11. 11. N. Bohr, Nature (Supplement) 580 (1928).

  12. 12. See also, J. Bromberg, Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 5, 307 (1971);
    L. Brown, L. Hoddeson, PHYSICS TODAY, April 1982, p. 36;
    R. Stuewer, in Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics, W. Shea, ed., Science History, New York (1984).

  13. 13. Letter on deposit at the AIP Center for History of Physics.

  14. 14. W. Pauli, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 68, 177 (1922).https://doi.org/ANPYA2

  15. 15. W. Heitler, Z. Phys. 46, 47 (1928).https://doi.org/ZEPYAA

  16. 16. E. Fermi, Z. Phys. 88, 161 (1934).https://doi.org/ZEPYAA

  17. 17. W. Heisenberg, in Pieter Zeeman, Nijhoff, The Hague (1935), p. 108.

  18. 18. I. Tamm, Nature 133, 981 (1934).https://doi.org/NATUAS

  19. 19. D. Iwanenko, Nature 133, 981 (1934).https://doi.org/NATUAS

  20. 20. H. Yukawa, Proc. Phys.‐Math. Soc. Japan 17, 48 (1935).https://doi.org/PPMJAJ

  21. 21. G. Wentzel, in The Physicist’s Conception of Nature, J. Mehra, ed., Reidel, Dordrecht (1973), p. 380.

  22. 22. G. Wentzel, Einführung in die Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder, Deuticke, Vienna (1943), translated by C. Houtermans, J. M. Jauch, as G. Wentzel, Quantum Theory of Fields, Interscience, New York (1949).

  23. 23. See A. I. Miller, Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th‐century Physics, Birkhauser, Boston (1984).

More about the Authors

Arthur I. Miller. University of Lowell.

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This Content Appeared In
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Volume 38, Number 11

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