Werner Heisenberg and the Beginning of Nuclear Physics
NOV 01, 1985
The advent of quantum mechanics caused a greater transformation in the understanding of physical reality of microscopic phenomena than the change in the understanding of macroscopic phenomena brought about by relativity.
Great advances in science alter our view of the world. Galileo Galilei’s theory of motion, Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity and Werner Heisenberg’s invention of quantum mechanics, with its subsequent interpretation by Niels Bohr and Heisenberg himself, spring immediately to mind (figure 1). In exploring these episodes we must recognize that historical narrative without investigation of conceptual transformation is just chronology.
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References
1. W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 77, 1 (1932), Part I; https://doi.org/ZEPYAA W. Heisenberg, 78, 156 (1932), Part II; W. Heisenberg, 80, 587 (1933), Part III.https://doi.org/ZEPYAA, Z. Phys.
3. H. Kramers, H. Hoist, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure, Gyldendal, London (1923).
4. W. Pauli, Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, u. A., A. Hermann, K. v. Meyenn, V. F. Weisskopf, eds., Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1979).
12. See also, J. Bromberg, Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 5, 307 (1971); L. Brown, L. Hoddeson, PHYSICS TODAY, April 1982, p. 36; R. Stuewer, in Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics, W. Shea, ed., Science History, New York (1984).
13. Letter on deposit at the AIP Center for History of Physics.
21. G. Wentzel, in The Physicist’s Conception of Nature, J. Mehra, ed., Reidel, Dordrecht (1973), p. 380.
22. G. Wentzel, Einführung in die Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder, Deuticke, Vienna (1943), translated by C. Houtermans, J. M. Jauch, as G. Wentzel, Quantum Theory of Fields, Interscience, New York (1949).
23. See A. I. Miller, Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th‐century Physics, Birkhauser, Boston (1984).
With strong magnetic fields and intense lasers or pulsed electric currents, physicists can reconstruct the conditions inside astrophysical objects and create nuclear-fusion reactors.
A crude device for quantification shows how diverse aspects of distantly related organisms reflect the interplay of the same underlying physical factors.