Werner Heisenberg and the Beginning of Nuclear Physics
NOV 01, 1985
The advent of quantum mechanics caused a greater transformation in the understanding of physical reality of microscopic phenomena than the change in the understanding of macroscopic phenomena brought about by relativity.
Great advances in science alter our view of the world. Galileo Galilei’s theory of motion, Albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity and Werner Heisenberg’s invention of quantum mechanics, with its subsequent interpretation by Niels Bohr and Heisenberg himself, spring immediately to mind (figure 1). In exploring these episodes we must recognize that historical narrative without investigation of conceptual transformation is just chronology.
References
1. W. Heisenberg, Z. Phys. 77, 1 (1932), Part I; https://doi.org/ZEPYAA W. Heisenberg, 78, 156 (1932), Part II; W. Heisenberg, 80, 587 (1933), Part III.https://doi.org/ZEPYAA, Z. Phys.
3. H. Kramers, H. Hoist, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of Its Structure, Gyldendal, London (1923).
4. W. Pauli, Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg, u. A., A. Hermann, K. v. Meyenn, V. F. Weisskopf, eds., Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1979).
12. See also, J. Bromberg, Hist. Stud. Phys. Sci., 5, 307 (1971); L. Brown, L. Hoddeson, PHYSICS TODAY, April 1982, p. 36; R. Stuewer, in Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics, W. Shea, ed., Science History, New York (1984).
13. Letter on deposit at the AIP Center for History of Physics.
21. G. Wentzel, in The Physicist’s Conception of Nature, J. Mehra, ed., Reidel, Dordrecht (1973), p. 380.
22. G. Wentzel, Einführung in die Quantentheorie der Wellenfelder, Deuticke, Vienna (1943), translated by C. Houtermans, J. M. Jauch, as G. Wentzel, Quantum Theory of Fields, Interscience, New York (1949).
23. See A. I. Miller, Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th‐century Physics, Birkhauser, Boston (1984).
Technical knowledge and skills are only some of the considerations that managers have when hiring physical scientists. Soft skills, in particular communication, are also high on the list.
Research exchanges between US and Soviet scientists during the second half of the 20th century may be instructive for navigating today’s debates on scientific collaboration.
The Eisenhower administration dismissed the director of the National Bureau of Standards in 1953. Suspecting political interference with the agency’s research, scientists fought back—and won.
Alternative undergraduate physics courses expand access to students and address socioeconomic barriers that prevent many of them from entering physics and engineering fields. The courses also help all students develop quantitative skills.
October 01, 2025 12:00 AM
Get PT in your inbox
Physics Today - The Week in Physics
The Week in Physics" is likely a reference to the regular updates or summaries of new physics research, such as those found in publications like Physics Today from AIP Publishing or on news aggregators like Phys.org.