With the trend toward increasing generality during the development of physics, will we one day be able to represent all our physical knowledge by a single deductive logical system?
What is the “unity of physics” and how far can it be accomplished? Before considering these questions let us look at a wider problem—the unification of all the sciences. This is itself a special case of an even wider question, the unification of all human knowledge, which I cannot dwell on here. The term “unification of the sciences” usually refers to a unification of the results obtained in the sciences; the problem of coordinating the scattered and immense body of specialized findings into a systematic whole is a real one and cannot be neglected. It includes a comparison of the methods and results of cosmology, geology, physics, biology, behavioral science, history and the social sciences in different ages. But first of all it implies a unification of scientific language. Some difficulties in science, even within a specialized discipline, arise because one cannot be sure whether two scientists speak about the same or different problems or whether they state the same or different opinions in their different scientific languages.
References
1. J. Dewey, “Unity of Science as a Social Problem,” in International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (O. Neurath, R. Carnap, C. Morris, eds.), volume 1, Univ. Chicago Press (1955); page 29.
2. M. Planck, Physikalische Abhandlungen und Vorträge, volume 3, Vieweg, Braunschweig (1958); page 6.
3. M. Planck, reference 2, page 179.
4. See, for example, W. Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy, Allen and Unwin, London (1958); B. D’Espagat, Conceptions de la Physique Contemporaine, Herman, Paris (1965), and articles by J. S. Bell, Rev. Mod. Phys. 38 (page 447) (1966) https://doi.org/RMPHAT and D. Bohm and J. Bub, Rev. Mod. Phys. 38 (pages 453 and), (1966).https://doi.org/RMPHAT
5. See, for example, E. P. Wigner, Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 13, 1 (1960).https://doi.org/CPMAMV
6. See, for example, U. Fano, “Liouville Representation of Quantum Mechanics with Application to Relaxation Processes,” in Lectures on the Many‐Body Problem, (E. Caianiello, ed.), volume 2, Academic, New York (1964); page 217.
10. See, for example, R. Kubo, “Some Aspects of the Statistical Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes,” in Lectures in Theoretical Physics, volume 1, (delivered at the Summer Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Colorado, 1958; W. E. Brittin, L. G. Dunham, eds.), Interscience, New York (1959).
11. L. P. Kadanoff and others, Rev. Mod Phys. 39, 395 (1967).
13. F. J. Dyson, PHYSICS TODAY, June 1965, page 21.
14. K. A. Brueckner, C. A. Levinson, H. M. Mahmond, Phys. Rev. 95, 217 (1954); https://doi.org/PHRVAO K. A. Brueckner, C. A. Levinson, Phys. Rev. 97, 1344 (1955).https://doi.org/PHRVAO
15. H. A. Bethe, J. Goldstone, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A238, 551 (1957); https://doi.org/PRLAAZ J. Goldstone, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A239, 267 (1957); https://doi.org/PRLAAZ N. M. Hugenholtz, Physica 23, 481 (1957); https://doi.org/PHYSAG H. A. Bethe, B. H. Brandow, A. G. Petschek, Phys. Rev. 129, 225 (1963). https://doi.org/PHRVAO The theory is summarized in a series of articles by B. D. Day, Rev. Mod. Phys. 39 (page 719), (1967) https://doi.org/RMPHAT R. Rajanaman and H. A. Bethe, Rev. Mod. Phys. 39 (page 745) (1967) https://doi.org/RMPHAT and B. H. Brandow, Rev. Mod. Phys. 39 (page 771), (1967).https://doi.org/RMPHAT
16. See, for example, R. W. Zwanzig, “Statistical Mechanics of Irreversibility,” in volume 2 of Lectures in Theoretical Physics (delivered at the Summer Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Colorado, 1960; W. E. Brittin. B. W. Downs and J. Downs, eds.), Interscience, New York (1961).
22. S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1264 (1967) https://doi.org/PRLTAO and S. Weinberg, 27, 1688 (1971); https://doi.org/PRLTAO, Phys. Rev. Lett. G. ‘t Hooft, Phys. Lett. B33, 173 (1971) and G. ‘t Hooft, B35, 167 (1971); A. Salam, J. Strathdee, preprint IC/71/145 of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (1971).
23. C. F. von Weizsäcker, La Physique: une unité a construire, University of Lausanne (1965).
24. C. F. von Weizsäcker, “The Unity of Physics in Quantum Theory and Beyond, (Ted Bastin, ed.) Cambridge U.P. (1971). See also the review of Weizsäcker’s work by F. J. Zucker, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 5, 474 (1969).
26. H. Bondi, Assumption and Myth in Physical Theory, Cambridge U.P. (1967).
27. M. Ageno, La Origine della Vita sulla Terra, Zanichelli, Bologna (1971).
28. C. M. Will, “The theoretical tools of experimental gravitation,” lectures presented at the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi,” Varenna, Italy, 17–19 July 1972. (To be published by Academic, New York.)
More about the Authors
Edoardo Amaldi.
Institute of Physics, University of Rome.
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October 01, 2025 12:00 AM
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