Cosmic rays may provide the energy flux necessary for the continual synthesis of molecules in dense clouds, according to this detailed model of the carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen chemistry of those regions.
The expanding universe is old and has a radius of light years or Matter in the universe, distributed in a highly non‐uniform manner, is concentrated largely in galaxies, which occupy only a minute fraction of the volume of the universe. In addition to stars, most galaxies contain diffuse, low density interstellar matter. Because interstellar matter is most easily studied in our own galaxy, the discussion here will focus on it, although this discussion should be pertinent to other galaxies as well.
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References
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More about the authors
Eric Herbst,
Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.
With strong magnetic fields and intense lasers or pulsed electric currents, physicists can reconstruct the conditions inside astrophysical objects and create nuclear-fusion reactors.
A crude device for quantification shows how diverse aspects of distantly related organisms reflect the interplay of the same underlying physical factors.