Discover
/
Article

The Earth’s magnetosphere

DEC 01, 1975
Far from being an empty cavity, as was once believed, the Earth’s magnetic environment is filled with a diversity of plasma, wave and field conditions.

DOI: 10.1063/1.3069238

Syun‐Ichi Akasofu
Louis J. Lanzerotti

The growth of satellite observations over the last 15 years, together with increasingly sophisticated ground‐based measurements, has brought the study of Earth’s electromagnetic environment to a new era of development. This study has grown to a broad discipline that overlaps magnetism, astrophysics and plasma physics. Important understandings have been achieved in many areas including auroral phenomena, distributions and interactions of plasmas and waves in the magnetosphere, the physics of wave–energetic‐particle interactions, and the identification of magnetic‐field‐aligned currents.

References

  1. 1. S. Chapman, V. C. A. Ferraro, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr. 36, 77 (1931).https://doi.org/TMAEAZ

  2. 2. E. Parker, Interplanetary Dynamical Processes, Interscience, New York (1963);
    A. J. Hundhausen, Coronal Expansion and Solar Wind, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1972).

  3. 3. H. Alfvén, Cosmical Electrodynamics, Oxford U.P., London (1950).

  4. 4. A. B. Meinel, Astrophys., J. 113, 50 (1951).https://doi.org/ASJOAB

  5. 5. L. A. Frank, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 974 (1975); https://doi.org/RGPSBL
    R. H. Eather, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 925 (1975).https://doi.org/RGPSBL

  6. 6. J. A. Van Allen, G. H. Ludwig, E. C. Ray, C. E. M. McIlwain, Jet Propul. 28, 588 (1958).https://doi.org/JETPAV

  7. 7. J. G. Roederer, Dynamics of Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1970);
    M. Schulz, L. J. Lanzerotti, Particle Diffusion in the Radiation Belts, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1974).

  8. 8. F. Hoyle, in Some Recent Researches in Solar Physics, Cambridge U.P., Cambridge, page 102 (1949);
    J. W. Dungey, Cosmic Electrodynamics, Cambridge U.P. (1958);
    Phys. Rev. Lett. 6, 47 (1961).https://doi.org/PRLTAO

  9. 9. V. M. Vasyliunas, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 13, 303 (1975).https://doi.org/RGPSBL

  10. 10. S. I. Akasofu, Planet. Space Sci. 22, 885 (1974).https://doi.org/PLSSAE

  11. 11. W. I. Axford, C. O. Hines, Can. J. Phys. 39, 1433 (1961); https://doi.org/CJPHAD
    R. A. Wolf, Space Sci. Rev. 17, 537 (1975).https://doi.org/SPSRA4

  12. 12. P. M. Banks, C. L. Rino, V. B. Wickwar, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 187 (1974); https://doi.org/JGREA2
    J. P. Heppner, Planet. Space Sci. 20, 1475 (1972); https://doi.org/PLSSAE
    R. A. Jeffries, W. H. Roach, E. W. HonesJr, E. M. Wescott, H. C. Stenbaek‐Nielson, T. N. Davis, J. D. Winningham, Geophys. Res. Lett. 2, 285 (1975); https://doi.org/GPRLAJ
    F. Mozer, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 10, 755 (1973).https://doi.org/RGPSBL

  13. 13. Y. I. Feldstein, Geomagn. Aeron. (Moscow) 3, 183 (1963).

  14. 14. A. J. Zmuda, J. C. Armstrong, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2501 (1974); https://doi.org/JGREA2
    R. L. Arnoldy, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 12, 217 (1974); https://doi.org/RGPSBL
    P. A. Cloutier, H. R. Anderson, Space Sci. Rev. 17, 563 (1975).https://doi.org/SPSRA4

  15. 15. J. W. Chamberlain, Physics of the Aurora and Airglow, Academic, New York (1961);
    A. Omholt, The Optical Aurora, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin (1971).

  16. 16. K. Papadopoulos, T. Coffey, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1558 (1974).https://doi.org/JGREA2

  17. 17. A. Hasegawa, J. Geophys. Res. (to be published).

  18. 18. S. I. Akasofu, Polar and Magnetospheric Substorms, D. Reidel, Amsterdam (1968).

  19. 19. S. I. Akasofu, S. Chapman, Solar‐Terrestrial Physics, Oxford U.P., London (1972).

  20. 20. R. A. Helliwell, J. P. Katsufrakis, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 2511 (1974).https://doi.org/JGREA2

  21. 21. D. A. McPherson, H. C. Koons, M. H. Dazey, R. L. Dowden, L. E. S. Amon, N. R. Thomson, J. Geophys. Res. 79, 1555 (1974).https://doi.org/JGREA2

  22. 22. J. P. Heppner, J. D. Stolarik, E. M. Wescott, J. Geophys. Res. 76, 6028 (1971).https://doi.org/JGREA2

  23. 23. J. R. Winckler, Space Sci. Rev. 15, 751 (1974).https://doi.org/SPSRA4

  24. 24. T. G. Northrop, The Adiabatic Motion of Charged Particles, Interscience, New York (1963);
    T. G. Northrop, E. Teller, Phys. Rev. 117, 215 (1960).https://doi.org/PHRVAO

  25. 25. V. C. A. Ferraro, J. Geophys. Res. 57, 15 (1952); https://doi.org/JGREA2
    M. N. Rosenbluth in Magnetohydrodynamics (R. Landsoff, ed.) Stanford U.P., Stanford, page 57 (1957);
    H. Grad, Phys. Fluids 4, 1366 (1961); https://doi.org/PFLDAS
    D. M. Willis, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 749 (1970); https://doi.org/PLSSAE
    A. Eviatar, R. A. Wolf, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 5561 (1968).https://doi.org/JGREA2

  26. 26. D. A. Tidman, N. A. Krall, Shock Waves in Collisionless Plasmas, Interscience, New York (1971).

  27. 27. C. F. Kennel, H. E. Petschek, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1 (1966).https://doi.org/JGREA2

  28. 28. J. Geophys. Res. 79, no. 25, (1974), special issue on Jupiter.https://doi.org/JGREA2

  29. 29. Science 185, no. 4146, (1974).https://doi.org/SCIEAS

  30. 30. “Guidelines for US Participation,” NAS Report, 1973;
    “Detailed Plans for US Ground‐based Program,” NAS Report, 1974.

More about the Authors

Syun‐Ichi Akasofu. Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Louis J. Lanzerotti. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J..

This Content Appeared In
pt-cover_1975_12.jpeg

Volume 28, Number 12

Related content
/
Article
Technical knowledge and skills are only some of the considerations that managers have when hiring physical scientists. Soft skills, in particular communication, are also high on the list.
/
Article
Professional societies can foster a sense of belonging and offer early-career scientists opportunities to give back to their community.
/
Article
Interviews offer a glimpse of how physicists get into—and thrive in—myriad nonacademic careers.
/
Article
Research exchanges between US and Soviet scientists during the second half of the 20th century may be instructive for navigating today’s debates on scientific collaboration.

Get PT in your inbox

Physics Today - The Week in Physics

The Week in Physics" is likely a reference to the regular updates or summaries of new physics research, such as those found in publications like Physics Today from AIP Publishing or on news aggregators like Phys.org.

Physics Today - Table of Contents
Physics Today - Whitepapers & Webinars
By signing up you agree to allow AIP to send you email newsletters. You further agree to our privacy policy and terms of service.