Discover
/
Article

The Discovery of the Risk of Global Warming

JAN 01, 1997
An accidental confluence of old interests and new techniques led a few scientists in the 1950s to realize that human activity might be changing the world’s climate.

DOI: 10.1063/1.881664

It is now a century since Syante Arrhenius published the idea: As human activity puts ever more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, global warming becomes ever more likely. (See figure 1 and the box on page 36.) His paper attracted notice, and one might suppose that knowledge of the so‐called “greenhouse effect” has grown steadily ever since. But that is not in fact how the science proceeded. During more than half a century after 1896 almost nothing of value was learned about global warming. Only in the late 1950s did scientists at last begin to regard it as a serious possibility, indeed a potential danger.

References

  1. 1. S. Arrhenius, Philosophical Magazine 41, 237 (1896).
    For an annotated bibliography on the greenhouse effect and climatic change, see M. D. Handel, J. S. Risbey, Climatic Change 21, 97 (1992).
    For brief histories, see W. W. Kellogg, Climatic Change 10, 113 (1987);
    M. D. H. Jones, A. Henderson‐Sellers, Prog. Physical Geography 14, 1 (1990).
    For more on Arrhenius, see E. Crawford, Arrhenius: From Ionic Theory to the Greenhouse Effect, Science History Publications, Canton, Mass. (1996), ch. 10.

  2. 2. R. Carson, Popular Science, November 1951, p. 114. Time, 2 January 1939, p. 27.
    For an example of analysis, see G. S. Callendar, Qtly. J. Roy. Meteorological Soc. 64, 223 (1938).

  3. 3. A. Abarbanel, T. McCluskey, Saturday Evening Post, 1 July 1950, p. 22; Time, 2 January 1939, p. 27.

  4. 4. T. A. Blair, Climatology, General and Regional, Prentice‐Hall, New York (1942), p. 101; see also p. 90.

  5. 5. G. S. Callendar in ref. 2.
    See also G. S. Callendar, The Meteorological Magazine 74, 33 (1939);
    G. S. Callendar, Qtly. J. Roy. Meteorological Soc. 66, 395 (1940);
    G. S. Callendar, Weather 4, 310 (1949).https://doi.org/WTHRAL

  6. 6. A. J. Lotka, Elements of Physical Biology, Williams&Williams, Baltimore (1924),
    reprinted as Elements of Mathematical Biology, Dover, New York (1956), p. 222.
    S. Fonselius, F. Koroleff, K. Buch, Tellus 7, 258 (1955).

  7. 7. A. J. Lotka in ref. 6. For a discussion and references on technological optimism, see S. Weart, Nuclear Fear: A History of Images, Harvard U.P., Cambridge, Mass. (1988), esp. chapters 1 and 8.

  8. 8. C. E. P. Brooks, in Compendium of Meteorology, T. F. Malone, ed., American Meteorological Society, Boston (1951), p. 1004.

  9. 9. H. Landsberg, The Scientific Monthly 63, 293 (October 1946).

  10. 10. G. N. Plass, Qtly. J. Roy. Meteorological Soc. 82, 310 (1956).
    See also, L. D. Kaplan, J. Meteorology 9, 1 (1952).

  11. 11. H. E. Suess, Science 122, 415 (1955).https://doi.org/SCIEAS

  12. 12. H. Craig, Tellus 9, 1 (1957).https://doi.org/TELLAL

  13. 13. R. Revelle, H. E. Suess, Tellus 9, 18 (1957). https://doi.org/TELLAL
    H. Craig, ref. 12.
    J. R. Arnold, E. C. Anderson, Tellus 9, 28 (1957).https://doi.org/TELLAL

  14. 14. Quotes from R. Revelle and H. E. Suess in ref. 13.

  15. 15. Revelle‐Suess submission, 28 August 1956, folder 63, box 28, Revelle Papers MC6, Scripps Oceanographic Institute Archives, La Jolla, Calif. Communication from James Arnold to James Anderson, 8 January 1958, box 1, folder 11, Arnold Papers MSS 112, Geisel Library, University of California, San Diego. B. Bolin, E. Eriksson, in The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion: Scientific Contributions to the Rossby Memorial Volume, B. Bolin, ed., Rockefeller Institute P. and Oxford U.P., New York (1959), p. 130.

  16. 16. G. N. Plass, Sci. Am., July 1959, p. 41.

  17. 17. Roger Revelle, oral history interview by Earl Droessler, 1989,
    American Institute of Physics Niels Bohr Library, College Park, Md. C. D. Keeling, Tellus 12, 200 (1960). https://doi.org/TELLAL
    C. D. Keeling, in Mauna Loa Observatory: A 20th Anniversary Report, J. Miller, ed., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration special report, NOAA Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo. (September 1978), p. 36.

More about the Authors

Spencer R. Weart. American Institute of Physics, College Park, Maryland.

This Content Appeared In
pt-cover_1997_01.jpeg

Volume 50, Number 1

Related content
/
Article
Technical knowledge and skills are only some of the considerations that managers have when hiring physical scientists. Soft skills, in particular communication, are also high on the list.
/
Article
Professional societies can foster a sense of belonging and offer early-career scientists opportunities to give back to their community.
/
Article
Interviews offer a glimpse of how physicists get into—and thrive in—myriad nonacademic careers.
/
Article
Research exchanges between US and Soviet scientists during the second half of the 20th century may be instructive for navigating today’s debates on scientific collaboration.
/
Article
The Eisenhower administration dismissed the director of the National Bureau of Standards in 1953. Suspecting political interference with the agency’s research, scientists fought back—and won.
/
Article
Alternative undergraduate physics courses expand access to students and address socioeconomic barriers that prevent many of them from entering physics and engineering fields. The courses also help all students develop quantitative skills.

Get PT in your inbox

Physics Today - The Week in Physics

The Week in Physics" is likely a reference to the regular updates or summaries of new physics research, such as those found in publications like Physics Today from AIP Publishing or on news aggregators like Phys.org.

Physics Today - Table of Contents
Physics Today - Whitepapers & Webinars
By signing up you agree to allow AIP to send you email newsletters. You further agree to our privacy policy and terms of service.