Scanning Force Microscopy in Biology
DOI: 10.1063/1.881478
Microscopes have played a fundamental role in the development of biology as an experimental science. It was Robert Hooke who, when using a compound microscope in 1655, noticed that thin slices of cork were made up of identical and small self‐contained units, which he called “cells.” The generalization of this observation and its acceptance, though, had to wait until the late 1830s, when German microscopists Matthias Schleiden and Thcodor Schwann—working independently—introduced the “cell theory” of complex organisms. By the second half of the 19th century Magnus Retzius, Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi were busy completing the microscopic anatomical description of the cell.
This article is only available in PDF format
References
1. G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, C. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986).https://doi.org/PRLTAO
2. C. Bustamante, D. Keller, G. Yang, Current Opinion Struct. Bio. 3, 363 (1993).
3. D. Sarid, Scanning Force Microscopy with Applications to Electric, Magnetic, and Atomic Forces, Oxford U.P., New York (1991), chap. 13.
4. H. K. Wickramasinghe, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 8, 363 (1990).
5. F. Ohnesorge, G. Binnig, Science 260, 1451 (1993).https://doi.org/SCIEAS
6. C. Bustamante, D. A. Erie, D. Keller, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 750 (1994).https://doi.org/COSBEF
7. J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces with Applications to Colloidal and Biological Systems, Academic, San Diego, Calif. (1991), chap. 11.
8. D. M. N. Jondle, L. Ambrosio, J. Vesenka, E. Henderson, Chromosome Research 3, 239 (1995).
9. D. A. Erie, G. Yang, H. Schultz, C. Bustamante, Science 266, 1562 (1994).https://doi.org/SCIEAS
10. F. A. Schabert, A. Engel, Biophys. J. 67, 2394 (1994).https://doi.org/BIOJAU
11. H. G. Hansma, J. H. Ho, Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol Struct 24, 115 (1994).
12. M. Guthold, M. Bezanilla, D. A. Erie, B. Jenkins, H. G. Hansma, C. Bustamante, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (26), 12927 (1994).
13. M. Bezanilla, B. Drake, E. Nudler, M. Kashlev, P. K. Hansma, H. G. Hansma, Biophys. J. 67, 1 (1994).https://doi.org/BIOJAU
14. D. Keller, Surf. Sci. 253, 353 (1991).https://doi.org/SUSCAS
15. G. S. Pingali, R. Jain, Proc. IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, IEEE Computer Society Press New York (1992), p. 282.
16. G. Yang, S. Leuba, J. Zlatanova, K. vanHolde, C. Bustamante, Nature Structural Biology 1, 761 (1994).
17. L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, Course of Theoretical Physics, Volume 7, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed., Pergamon Oxford, UK (1986), p. 67.
18. H. C. Hamaker, Physica 4, 1058 (1937).https://doi.org/PHYSAG
More about the authors
Carlos Bustamante, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
David Keller, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
